خاک و توسعه پایدار

خاک و توسعه پایدار

رویکردهای پایدار و نوآورانه برای پاکسازی خاک‌های آلوده: از گیاه‌پالایی تا فناوری‌های ترکیبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان
1 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، ایران.
2 مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اردبیل (مغان)، ایران.
چکیده
خاک، یک اکوسیستم حیاتی و پیچیده، با آلودگی جهانی ناشی از فعالیت‌های ناپایدار انسانی مواجه است که تهدیدات قابل توجهی را برای عملکردهای اکولوژیکی و خدمات اکوسیستم ایجاد می‌کند. روش‌های سنتی اصلاح فیزیکوشیمیایی اغلب پرهزینه و از نظر زیست‌محیطی مخرب هستند. در نتیجه، تمرکز فزاینده‌ای بر توسعه رویکردهای بیولوژیکی پایدار و نوآورانه وجود دارد که هدف آنها حذف مؤثر آلاینده‌ها، کاهش سمیت، به حداقل رساندن خطرات برای سلامت محیط زیست و انسان و بازیابی سلامت خاک و خدمات اکوسیستم مرتبط به شیوه‌ای اقتصادی و مقرون به صرفه است. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر به بررسی جامع روش‌های زیستی نوین و امیدبخش در زمینه اصلاح خاک می‌پردازد. روش‌های اصلی مورد بحث شامل گیاه‌پالایی، زیست‌پالایی با استفاده از میکروارگانیسم‌ها و ورمی‌رمیدشن هستند. در این بررسی، مکانیسم‌های عمل هر یک از این روش‌ها، از جمله توانایی گیاهان در جذب و تثبیت آلاینده‌ها، قابلیت متابولیکی میکروارگانیسم‌ها و نقش کرم‌های خاکی در بهبود کیفیت خاک و تجزیه آلاینده‌ها، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. علاوه بر این، چالش آلودگی‌های مختلط، که شامل حضور توام آلاینده‌های معدنی و آلی در محیط خاک است، نیز به عنوان یک مانع اساسی در مسیر اصلاح مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. این نوع آلودگی می‌تواند به طور قابل توجهی از کارایی فناوری‌های پالایش منفرد بکاهد. به منظور غلبه بر این پیچیدگی، رویکردهای ترکیبی که به ادغام روش‌های بیولوژیکی و فیزیکوشیمیایی می‌پردازند، و همچنین استفاده از مواد اصلاح‌کننده و فناوری‌های نانو، به عنوان راهکارهای نویدبخش در حال ارزیابی هستند. در نهایت، این بررسی بر اهمیت ارزیابی جامع کارایی فرآیندهای پالایش تأکید می‌کند. این ارزیابی نه تنها باید شامل سنجش میزان کاهش آلاینده‌ها باشد، بلکه باید احیای سلامت کلی خاک و بازگرداندن خدمات اکوسیستم را نیز در برگیرد. انطباق با مقررات زیست‌محیطی و امکان اجرای مقرون‌به‌صرفه این فناوری‌ها، از عوامل کلیدی در پذیرش و موفقیت بلندمدت آنها به شمار می‌رود. این بررسی، اطلاعاتی کلیدی برای پژوهشگران و متخصصان محیط زیست فراهم می‌آورد تا به درک عمیق‌تری از پتانسیل و محدودیت‌های فناوری‌های زیست‌پالایی دست یابند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Sustainable and Innovative Approaches for Remediation of Contaminated Soils: From Phytoremediation to Hybrid Technologies

نویسندگان English

masoumeh mostafaei 1
Zohreh Alvyar 2
1 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of West Azerbaijan, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, West Azerbaijan, Iran.
2 Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Ardebil (Moghan), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Ardebil, Iran.
چکیده English

Soil, a vital and complex ecosystem, faces global contamination from unsustainable human activities, posing significant threats to ecological functions and ecosystem services. Conventional physicochemical remediation methods are often costly and environmentally destructive. Consequently, there's a growing focus on developing sustainable and innovative biological approaches aimed at effectively removing pollutants, reducing toxicity, minimizing risks to human and environmental health, and restoring soil health and associated ecosystem services in an economical and cost-effective manner. This paper provides a comprehensive review of promising and novel biological methods for soil remediation. The primary methods discussed include phytoremediation, bioremediation using microorganisms, and vermiremediation. The mechanisms of action for each of these methods are examined, including the ability of plants to absorb and stabilize contaminants, the metabolic capabilities of microorganisms, and the role of earthworms in improving soil quality and decomposing pollutants. The challenge of mixed contamination, which involves the simultaneous presence of inorganic and organic pollutants in the soil, is also highlighted as a major obstacle to remediation. This type of pollution can significantly reduce the efficiency of individual cleanup technologies. To overcome this complexity, promising solutions are being evaluated, such as integrated approaches that combine biological and physicochemical methods, as well as the use of soil amendments and nanotechnologies. Finally, this review emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of remediation effectiveness. This assessment should not only measure the reduction of pollutants but also include the restoration of overall soil health and the return of ecosystem services. Compliance with environmental regulations and the feasibility of cost-effective implementation are key factors in the long-term acceptance and success of these technologies. This review provides key information for researchers and environmental specialists, offering a deeper understanding of the potential and limitations of bioremediation technologies.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Soil pollution
Bioremediation
Vermiremediation
Mixed pollution
Nanotechnologies
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دوره 1، شماره 3
زمستان 1404
صفحه 280-308

  • تاریخ دریافت 19 تیر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری 18 مرداد 1404
  • تاریخ پذیرش 28 مرداد 1404
  • تاریخ انتشار 01 دی 1404